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Tarns are situated in various different locations, both at lower level valley plains and mountainous regions of the Lake District; bygone reminders of their glacial origins. They can change form due to alluvial deposition made by the constant run off from becks (mountain streams). Over long periods of time, they can silt up the adjacent land with sand, gravel and clay, making some areas incredibly fertile, particularly those on valley floors. Many tarns are natural, a work of art in nature’s canvass, crafting and forming ever-changing scenery that will some day be unrecognisable to our present-day eyes.
There are some tarns the result of human intervention, created for our increasing need for clean drinking water, dammed and turned into reservoirs to increase capacity. More than a third, maybe even as many as 40% of the tarns in Lakeland, have probably had some form of alteration.[1] In addition to industrial purposes, this also includes the draining of tarns to create more land for new agricultural ambitions. The more controversial interference would be our justification for aesthetics, such as that fine example seen in the Victorian landscaped Tarn Hows, near Coniston. However we look at the humble tarn, it can be difficult to define what these diverse bodies of water actually are. Ask anyone familiar with the Lake District and the chances are they would be aware of tarns and explain what one is, even if never having visited one in person.
The word tarn is evocative of something that would not be out of place in Tolkien's Middle Earth. A stirring sentence from John and Anne Nuttall's, The Tarns of Lakeland, rings ever so true, explaining that:
From the expanse of Devoke Water to the Miniature Lang tarn on the Heathwaite Fells there is such a variety of size, and from Watendlath Tarn to Foxes Tarn such a variety of situation, that every tarn is unique. But more than anything else tarns reflect the seasons and the weather so that no two visits are ever the same.[2]
Yet, romanticism aside, what a tarn is can stir confusion, simply because of their diversity in size, shape, form, and purpose, especially when asking: when does a tarn become a lake or a pond? This is not always directly associated with size, as some tarns are bigger than lakes, and some as small as a mere puddle. This is where things can become ambiguous and convoluted. So, let's start off with something else; how many tarns are there in the Lake District?
Number of tarns
This has come up several times in various print and online source material. Exactly how many tarns are there in the Lake District? Firstly, defining a boundary makes a difference to the overall count. Cumbria and the Lake District are two different entities. The latter sits firmly inside the former, yet it is the Lake District that contains the majority of tarns in their various forms. Attempting to count all the smaller bodies of water on the Ordnance Survey maps – everything except the 17 big lakes – can be arduous and tedious, especially when missing some or counting others more than once. This is when consulting Dr Alan Smith's excellent resource on the subject, The Smaller Lakes and Tarns of Lakeland, saves time and lessens frustration.
Looking at the broader picture, there are many different bodies of water in the form of small lakes, tarns, ponds and pools. We are predominantly interested only in those within the boundary of the Lake District, however, it is still interesting to see the statistical differences between the county of Cumbria and the national park within it. A small number of these bodies of water are cirque tarns, immediately identifiable from their distinctive bowl-shaped form. The majority of the others were created from a process called areal scouring, which is described briefly below. Take into account that around 15% of the tarns in the Lake District are of artificial construction, and some are now disused and left to nature, you then start to look at tarns, and their place in the landscape, differently. Whatever your thoughts on the subject, many are special places to explore on foot.
The following figures are sourced from Dr Smith's book, which collates years of research in this field of study.[3]
In the county of Cumbria there are a total of 1826 small lakes and tarns. Of this number:
- 1462 are deemed to be natural
- 364 are deemed to be artificial: mining features, quarry ponds, reservoirs, ornamental ponds, fishing lakes etc.
- 216 have been named on the OS maps
- 171 have the word tarn in its title
Within the boundary of the Lake District there are a total of 1086 small lakes and tarns. Of this number:
- 919 are deemed to be natural, of which
- 800 have been created by areal scouring
- 167 are deemed to be artificial
Smith makes a couple of valid points regarding the difficulties in providing an exact count, as this figure will ultimately change over time. Tarns that may have existed fifty years ago may no longer hold water, due to the final stages of silting up. Other implications that affect the overall count include the unnamed bodies of water that are not officially published on the Ordnance Survey maps.
While some of the artificial tarns may have a certain charm about them, especially as people have always been intrigued by water and the aesthetics of water in a landscape setting, other artificially "functional" or "disused" tarns do not have the same uniqueness as their natural counterparts, simply because we know they were not created by the immensity of ice that once covered this land. Whether they were created by nature or people, are large or small, deep or shallow, pretty or unsightly, romantic or industrial, they are still a part of the Lakeland landscape, and will continue to be so for many years, or even centuries, to come.
The next two sections briefly, and simply, explain what cirque and areally-scoured tarns are and how they were created.
Cirque tarns
These are small bodies of water usually formed in mountainous hollows or corries, known also as glacial cirques. These are bowl-shaped, ice-excavated rock basins, some of which are naturally deep, once carved by millions of tonnes of ice, erosion and weather. Cirques typically have three steep sides containing a headwall and two enclosing sidewalls, with a fourth being more open where a glacial till or moraine (rock debris that formed a dam) eventually enclosed and trapped the remaining ice.[4] Some of the best examples of a cirque tarn are Blea Water, Angle Tarn (Langdale), Stickle Tarn (below image), Blind Tarn and Scale Tarn. Water will usually flow from the moraine, ensuring the tarn maintains a fairly constant depth, and continue its journey down towards another tarn or lake via a network of becks and a river as seen at Little Langdale Tarn before eventually flowing into a larger body of water, in this case, Windermere.
The typical characteristics of cirque tarns resemble a pudding bowl, some definitely more circular than others. This bowl will have a single deep point, usually in or near the centre, some of which are very deep for their size. A prime example of this is Blea Water, just north of the Kentmere valley and west of Haweswater Reservoir. It has a depth of 63 metres (206 feet), almost twice the depth of Grisedale Tarn at 33 metres (108 feet). The next deepest is Red Tarn at 26 metres (85 feet), and Easedale Tarn at 22.5 metres (74 feet).[5] The moraine can also affect how deep the tarn is, depending on how much debris was moved during the "ice action" of its excavation.
Cirque tarns do come in a variety of shapes and sizes, not all of these being the typical shape one would expect to see. Those that stand out, mentioned above, were formed because the land under the ice dome during the last glacial period, paired with the radial (outward) flow of ice, meant that certain geological processes made the shaping of them possible. There are upwards of 200 cirque type features, yet, one would be surprised to see that of this large number, only 19 hold water.[4] Some cirque basins did, historically, hold water but have now dried up, primarily due to the sedimentary infilling from the various becks that flowed into them.
At the end of the last glacial period, the landscape would have looked very different, scarred, barren, devoid of life, and the number of cirque tarns would have been greater. In the last 13,000 years, these have been reduced dramatically and lost to history. Yet the evidence of infilling is still very much apparent as seen at Blind Tarn Moss near Grasmere, and at Dry Cove Moss near Weatherlam,[6] where the outline of the cirques now reveal a peaty wetland. It is only a matter of time before the tarns will all but disappear because of the same infill process. That is, unless human intervention disrupts that natural progression by damming or creating fishing ponds!
These mountainous tarns are unlike their lower altitude relatives found in the outlying fells (and various other locations in the northwest) where they look more like large ponds. While a number of these will be natural, others will be man-made, once serving different industrial purposes.
Areally scoured tarns
Unlike cirque tarns, areally scoured tarns were created from a different process. The immense ice sheets, hundred of metres thick, covered the National Park in its entirety. It was busy moving radially outwards in multiple directions, gouging and excavating the earth and rock that, eventually, created a disproportionately large number of small lakes, tarns, and pools compared to their larger counterparts. There are approximately 800 of these natural bodies of water throughout the Lake District,[7] some of which are nothing more than insignificantly small pools. But collectively, they are part of a much bigger story of the of how the ice changed the landscape of Lakeland.[7] Some areally scoured tarns are huge, for example Devoke Water, Angle Tarn (Patterdale), and Burnmoor Tarn are like small lakes themselves. It’s the process of how they were formed that makes them differ from other bodies of water of a similar shape and size.
The aftermath of ice action during the Last Glacial Period revealed a scarred and barren landscape. The ice had moved across hilltop and ridge without mercy, literally scouring the surface, leaving behind a world we would not be so familiar with. The lack of vegetation would be most obvious, along with many dips and troughs filled with water. Smith describes the scene thus:
It produced tracts of glacially scoured bedrock, ice shorn crags, rocky knolls, roche moutonnées and irregular scoured rocky basins in which pools and tarns could later be contained....The ice exploited the weaker structures like fault lines, joints and softer beds of rock, while more resistant materials were able to remain as knocks and upstanding lumps of rock. The geological texture of the terrain was revealed by these scouring processes.[7]
These areally scoured areas were different to the excavations of the big lakes and the cirquesLife always finds a way to repopulate an area where it had previously been removed. Over time, the landscaped morphed, all be it very slowly, into the more recognisable Lakeland we are familiar with today. Smaller areally scoured features that existed soon after the ice-melt probably disappeared long ago, buried under millennia of rising earth, peat, silts and sands. Larger features that survive the test of time are found in a broad variety of situations, as Smith describes above, and to investigate them all would take a lifetime. So, we have to be selective and choose those of note, and many other fine examples showing varied features as a result of being in different geological situations. Good examples of areally scoured tarns are:
- Exposed ridge tops: Innominate Tarn, Skeggles Water, Stony Tarn
- Basin features: Dalehead tarn, Low Tarn, Styhead Tarn
- Along fault or structural lines: Beacon tarn, Blelham Tarn, Red Tarn (Wrynose)
Other types of tarn
As already mentioned, tarns come in a variety of different shapes and forms, the product of different processes. There are other types of natural tarns that can be seen across the Lake District, created at the same time of the Last Glacial Period, but are neither the cirque or areally scoured variety of tarns. They are at home in the upper reaches of the fells as well as the wider, open lowlands, in many cases located in barren, boggy and sometimes challenging to reach places. Rock ledge tarns (Broadcrag Tarn - the highest tarn in Lakeland), summit tarns, and saddle tarns (located in the dips between summits) are amongst these. Additionally, there are tarns with natural dam features, created by alluvial deposits, rocks falls and landslides. Examples of these include Overwater, which has extensive sedimentary build up from Dale Gill and the River Ellen, and Greendale Tarn, which has been held back by extensive rock debris.[8] Tarns in kettle holes reside in the depressions and hollows of glacial deposits, usually small in size and clustered in groups.[9] Tarns in drumlin fields are featured in depressions between small elliptical-shaped hills (drumlins) that are aligned with the flow of ice.[10] The latter two are situated in the lowland areas, some of which are either partially, of wholly, outside the boundary of the National Park.
List of tarns
If one was to write an account of all the tarns, this would be a time consuming task. There are numerous tiny bodies of water hardly worth a mention. To write a couple of paragraphs about a small spit of water only a few inches deep with no discernible features of note would be challenging. And who would be interested in reading about it? Of the multitude of tarns that are interesting in their own, individual way, not all are natural, attractive, or easy to get to. So with this in mind there would have to be some rules in place to select the tarns to write about.
What features are deemed of interest in the selection process? Should we only include tarns that are natural, and have names? What about tarns that are so shallow they dry up each summer? Or tarns that are the smallest of pools? These are the questions that require answering in order to make an informed decision. John and Anne Nuttall answer this eloquently by stating that "It is impossible to be precise about it and any selection is bound to be a personal one, for when seen in sparkling sunlight under a blue sky even the merest puddle can look enchanting."[11] They used Ordnance Survey maps and only included named tarns within the National Park. However, at the time of writing their volumes, they decided to include other bodies of water commonly accepted as tarns, even though they were not officially named on the maps.
This is a good model to work by. The Ordnance Survey maps provide the first step into deciding which tarns should be included, after which other selections can be included or excluded based on personal preference. Here, at The English Lakes, we like to include as many tarns as possible. There will certainly be tarns excluded from the onset, such as unnamed tarns and those on private land where access is not permitted. Ultimately, it comes down personal preference at the time.
Here is an incomplete listing of some of the more well-known tarns. Each tarn will have its own page and, if enough decent photos are captured, its own gallery too, which can be added to at any time. It is preferred that photos capture the tarns throughout the differing seasons of the year. This is a long-term project and more will be added in due course.
Etymology
The word tarn, used extensively throughout the northwest and in particular the Lake District, has Old Norse origins with an eventual and what appears to be a subtle shift into late 14 century Middle English, typically meaning a "small mountain lake". It is also a dialectal word popularised by Lakeland poets.[12] Here, we can see the word-shift and how it developed through time:
- Proto-Germanic ternō → a reconstructed word meaning a small lake or water hole
- Old Norse tjörn → meaning a small mountain lake, pond or pool
- Middle English terne (alternative tarne) → meaning a lake, pond or pool
It should also be noted that tarn is also cognate with other Scandinavian languages: Danish and Norwegian tjern (small forest or mountain lake) , Faroese tjørn (pond), Icelandic tjörn (pond) and Swedish tjärn (small forest lake), all of which have the same or very similar meanings.
It seems apparent that tarn is a word synonymous with its Scandinavian origins. Norse influences dominate the very words we use today to describe the much loved places that draw hundreds of thousands of tourists each year to its Lakeland charms. Yet, this simple, unassuming word tarn occurs in over seventy names, a testament to the prevalence of an ancient language not from these shores. Whilst the definition of a tarn would typically originate from the Old Norse "small mountain lake or pool," this definition cannot stretch to every occurrence where tarn is used. Therefore, we could surmise that some tarns have been named thus in more recent times to fulfil a more general definition that suits a small lake, pond or pool without the "mountain" counterpart its lofty relatives are so uniquely associated.
Sports and recreation
Tarn swimming is also a popular sport for those with a sense of adventure willing to brave the cold waters in some of the wildest and remote locations the Lake District has to offer. One of the best tarns for swimming is Red Tarn at Helvellyn, dramatically lying at the base of the iconic Striding Edge. This tarn is home to the endangered fresh water Schelly fish, which is endemic here and at Brothers Water, Haweswater and Ullswater.
References
- ↑ Blair (2003) p.10
- ↑ Nuttall (1995) p.7
- ↑ Smith (2014) p.12
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Smith (2014) p.24
- ↑ Smith (2014) p.27
- ↑ Smith (2014) p.36
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Smith (2014) p.37
- ↑ Smith (2014) pp.77-79
- ↑ Smith (2014) p.94
- ↑ Smith (2014) p.103
- ↑ Nuttall (1995) p.9
- ↑ Tarn Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed 22 January, 2022.
Sources
- Blair, Don (2003). Exploring Lakeland Tarns: A Complete Guide. Revised Edition. Keswick: Lakeland Manor Press.
- Nuttall, John & Anne (1995). The Tarns of Lakeland. Volume 1: West. Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press.
- Smith, Alan (2014). The Smaller Lakes and Tarns of Lakeland. The Landscapes of Cumbria No.6. Keswick: Rigg Side Publications.